Turkey’s lira has weakened by the most in almost a year as traders fret over a continuation of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s “unsustainable” economic policies after he swept to victory in this weekend’s election.
The lira fell 1.2 per cent to a new record low of 20.36 against the US dollar as trading resumed in London, the primary hub for European currency trading, on Tuesday after a public holiday. The currency, which has lost a fifth of its value over the past year, has not ended a day down by such a wide margin since June 2022, FactSet data shows.
Many economists argue that Erdoğan’s policies of low interest rates and emergency measures to prop up the lira cannot continue as Turkey’s stores of currency reserves rapidly decline and other indicators flash warning signs.
“The current policy stance has become unsustainable,” said Liam Peach, at Capital Economics in London. “Turkey cannot continue with very low interest rates, very loose fiscal policy and burning through all sorts of foreign currency reserves for much longer.”
Turkey’s reserves have dropped by about $27bn this year as the country has attempted to prop up the lira and finance a current account deficit at near-record levels.
Official data puts the reserves, including foreign currency and gold, at just above $101bn.
However, net reserves, a figure that strips out liabilities, are in effect zero, and deeply negative when excluding tens of billions of dollars in money borrowed from the local banking system, according to JPMorgan.
Clemens Grafe, an economist at Goldman Sachs in London, said reserves were now “close to levels when previously lira volatility sharply increased”.
But immediately after securing his victory in Sunday’s run-off vote with 52 per cent, Erdoğan insisted he would maintain his low-interest rate policy, even though inflation is at present above 40 per cent.
“If anyone can do this, I can do it,” he said. “[The central bank’s main interest rate] has now been reduced to 8.5 per cent and you’ll see inflation will also fall.”
He added that “eliminating the problems of price increases caused by inflation and the loss of welfare are the most urgent topics of the coming days” but gave no specifics.
Erdoğan deployed a broad range of state resources in the run-up to the election, including handing consumers a month of free gas. The government is also undertaking a huge rebuilding effort following February’s devastating earthquake, which killed more than 50,000 people and destroyed thousands of buildings. Economists said the combined spending could spark a fresh burst of inflation.
“Sustainably lowering of inflation and the current account deficit would require tighter monetary and fiscal conditions. The degree of any shift in monetary and fiscal policies will matter for the economy and markets,” said Fatih Akcelik, Turkey economist at JPMorgan.
Investors are also concerned about the equivalent of $121bn that Turks have put in special savings accounts paying out at the government’s expense if the lira depreciates.
The measure has slowed the rate at which Turks have been purchasing foreign currencies, but Nureddin Nebati, finance minister, said the accounts had cost the country roughly TL95.3bn ($4.7bn) since they were introduced in 2021.
The hit to public finances could increase rapidly if the lira falls faster in coming weeks.
Yet Erdoğan may be able to draw on new funding from allies in the Middle East and Russia, analysts maintain.
The president said last week that unnamed Gulf states had contributed funds to help stabilise Turkey’s markets, but he did not elaborate.
Erdoğan would probably receive a short-term boost from summer tourist cash receipts that tend to ease strains on the country’s finances, said Wolf Piccoli, at the Teneo consultancy.
Turkey’s Bist 100 stock index, which has been boosted by locals seeking refuge from high inflation, also jumped more than 4 per cent on Monday and a further 2.8 per cent on Tuesday.
Some economists said Erdoğan might appoint a new economic team and bring back names well known to foreign investors.
“With the elections behind us, all eyes will be on the composition of the economic team and the credibility of the initial policy response,” said Ilker Domac, at Citigroup.
But Domac also warned that it would be “increasingly challenging” for Turkey’s central bank to keep interest rates far below inflation, “particularly during the last quarter of the year and thereafter”.
Other economists signalled a greater degree of alarm.
“Be ready for the worst, which may entail formal capital controls or serious deposit flight from the banking system,” wrote Atilla Yesilada, at the GlobalSource Partners consultancy in Istanbul.
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