House Republican leaders took the first step Wednesday toward enacting trillions of dollars in tax cuts and raising the nation’s $36 trillion debt limit, offering a plan that risks rankling quarreling factions in the party.
The proposal aims to smooth the passage of President Donald Trump’s top legislative priorities: the extension of expiring individual and business tax cuts passed in 2017, boosting defense and border security spending and cuts to non-defense spending.
Passing any measure is far from certain, given Republicans’ narrow and fractious majority. Democrats are expected to be unified in opposition.
The budget would allow Congress’s tax-writing committees to increase the deficit by $4.5 trillion to accommodate tax cuts and calls for $2 trillion in cuts to mandatory spending such as Medicaid and farm subsidies.
The plan also would fast-track a $4 trillion increase in the debt ceiling, avoiding a catastrophic default on U.S. payment obligations later this year.
Dozens of current GOP lawmakers are opposed to raising the debt ceiling on principle and have never voted to support an increase to the nation’s borrowing limit. Previous increases have required bipartisan support.
The debt ceiling came back into effect on Jan. 2, but the Treasury Department can avoid a default by employing accounting measures, possibly into the summer. By using the partisan budget reconciliation process, the GOP would deprive Democrats of any ability to use the debt ceiling deadline to extract concessions. Bills passed with this process cannot be filibustered in the Senate, effectively allowing passage by a simple majority rather than the usual 60 votes needed to end debate.
Speaker Mike Johnson’s budget plan could still fall short because of ongoing rifts in his party and a slim majority in which any two Republicans can team up with unified Democrats to defeat legislation.
The first step will be having the Budget Committee approve the plan on Thursday before a full House vote slated for the end of the month. If both the House and Senate approve the budget, then they must craft a bill that complies with the outline in order to enact the tax cuts and debt ceiling increase.
Johnson told reporters he will use the coming days to rally his conference behind the plan. A handful of fiscal hawks have demanded much larger cuts to non-defense spending in any tax cut bill, while a group of moderate Republicans have said they would not back deep cuts to programs like Medicaid, the government-funded health care program for people with low incomes.
The GOP also has been divided over how high to let the deficit go to accommodate tax cuts.
House Ways and Means Committee Chairman Jason Smith is pushing for as much flexibility as possible on the deficit in order to enact top Trump priorities like ending the tax on tipped wages. Flexibility may also be needed to satisfy a group of Republicans mostly from New York, New Jersey and California who want to see an end to the limit on the deduction of state and local taxes. Ending that limit would lead to bigger tax cuts for many property owners in their states.
Senate Republicans, frustrated by weeks of infighting among their House counterparts, are moving forward on their own scaled-back plan this week. The Senate plan would delay tax cuts for now and focus on providing hundreds of billions of dollars for defense and border security paid for by unspecified spending cuts elsewhere.
Johnson has pressed for combining all of Trump’s major priorities in a single package, arguing it would be harder for bitterly divided House Republicans to defect on an up-or-down vote on Trump’s agenda.
Democrats say the GOP plans show the party isn’t concerned with lowering the deficit but rather with cutting programs the poor rely upon to deliver tax cuts for the wealthy.
Without action by Congress, the lower tax individual rates and higher standard deduction enacted in 2017 will expire at the end of 2025. A host of business tax breaks related to capital expenditures, interest and pass-through companies will also disappear.
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